NL Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Introduction

Solid waste is intrinsically tied to urbanization and economic growth. The biggest cause of waste is consumer- based lifestyles. The most obvious and harmful by-product of a resource-intensive, consumer-based economic lifestyle is solid waste. It is typically seen as an ‘urban’ problem. Rural locations often have lower waste generation rates than urban areas because, on average, inhabitants there are poorer, buy less packaged goods from stores, and reuse and recycle more frequently. Almost 50% of the world’s population now resides in cities, and the rate of urbanisation is rapidly rising. By the year 2050, cities will house a population equal to that of the entire planet in 2000. Waste disposal will now face additional difficulties [1]. Our globe now produces 2.01 billion tonnes of solid waste yearly, and by 2025, that number is predicted to increase to 2.2 billion tonnes. By 2050, it was predicted that the waste that is produced would get doubled globally, therefore an immediate action is needed to address this complex issue by following the recycling methods and waste management systems [2]. In particular, product design and waste separation, citizens and firms will likely need to take on more responsibility for waste production and disposal. “Urban mining” is another trend that is expected to develop. It has been observed that waste production rates grow globally as affluence rises; in other words, more urbanisation throughout the world fosters the production of more waste [3]. Industrial and hazardous waste has increased the burden on emerging nations during the last three decades. The quantity of trash produced per person in emerging nations is also rising due to population growth, migration to neighbouring cities, and the establishment of new cities [4].

According to the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2022, India is placed at 180th place with a score of 18.9 for waste management, giving it the lowest ranking [5]. To be honest, this is due to improper waste management, and it has a significant impact on society health. The most important infrastructure that has been built in our society is waste management, yet this is still overlooked in many developing nations. Although there have been significant advancements and breakthroughs over the past several decades, 2 to 3 billion people worldwide still do not have access to garbage collection services which leads to a heap of junk. In the past, three-quarters of the world used the open dumping technique of trash management [6]. The dumpsite is a crucial part of integrated waste management systems, but every step of the process has a certain amount of risk, including the possibility of trash pickers and young scavengers being exposed to hazardous material. As an improvement, limiting their access to the property may be accomplished by installing an appropriate entrance gate and surrounding fencing. The covering material for the garbage should be construction waste.

The one service that basically every local government offers to its citizens is solid waste management. Solid waste management is likely the most significant municipal service and is a need for other municipal actions, despite the fact that service levels, environmental implications and cost vary greatly. Segregation, collection, transportation, recycling, and disposal of garbage are all included in waste management. One of the key factors contributing to environmental contamination is improper waste management [7]. It may have a detrimental effect on the environment, productivity, tourism and economic outlook. Moreover, uncollected solid waste is typically the main cause of local floods as well as air and water pollution, and public health issues including diarrhoea, dengue fever, and respiratory illnesses, making it one of the most harmful local pollutants. Because of industrialization and urbanization, it has become difficult to achieve zero waste, however waste may be controlled with proper waste management. An efficient waste management system includes full recycling, allowing waste products to be repurposed as feedstock for other industries and thereby lowering waste production [8].

Municipal solid waste supervisors have a challenging job: they must remove waste from the ground and do it in a way that is best for the economy, society, and the environment. In almost every instance, local governments are in charge of solid waste management, which is frequently their largest budget item, especially in developing nations [9]. Moreover, the single greatest source of employment in the city is frequently solid waste management and street sweeping. The effects of solid waste on the world are rapidly expanding. Methane, a potent GHG (Greenhouse gas) that has an immediate impact, is a major component of solid waste. With more than two million informal garbage pickers, the recycling industry has developed into a worldwide enterprise with international markets and vast supply and transportation networks. Residential, industrial, commercial, institutional, municipal, construction and demolition (C&D) trash all fall within the definition of MSW. For effective garbage collection from the source site, monitoring and supervision are the critical processes. The process of waste transferring systems will be focused on a number of steps and contexts, including pre-planned vehicle routing, location of storage containers in the proper location, selection of collection point, regular and trustable service, and adaptation of techniques like GPS enabled vehicle, weighbridge, and electronic on-board vehicle recorder, which are crucial for effective monitoring and supervision. Effective waste management has frequently been seen as a sign of good governance [10]. Solid waste refers to and encompasses solid or semi-solid household waste, sanitary waste, commercial waste, institutional waste, catering and market waste, and other non-residential wastes. It also includes street sweepings, silt removed from or collected from surface drains, horticulture waste, agriculture and dairy waste, treated bio-medical waste (excluding industrial waste), bio-medical waste and e-waste, battery waste, and radioactive waste produced in an area. The different types of waste which are generated are- Hazardous Waste, Bio-medical Waste, E–Waste, Plastic Waste and Construction and Demolition Waste [11].

Hazardous waste: Hazardous waste is any waste that, whether alone or in interaction with other wastes or chemicals, poses a threat to human health or the environment because of properties like physical, chemical, biological, reactive, poisonous, combustible, explosive, or corrosiveness [12]. It is not necessary to consider a waste’s form when determining if it is hazardous. Nonetheless, a lot of liquids are regarded as hazardous waste, either due to their great strength or because they include a hazardous waste mixed with water. Therefore, hazardous waste can be characterised in this way to include solids, sludges, liquids, and containerized gases [13].

Bio-medical waste: The waste generated from the hospital has grown to be a major issue and has aftermath of unpleasant events. And it has a greater risk towards the health of patients, hospital workers, and the general public outside of the confines of the medical system [14,15]. All waste, biologic or otherwise, that are thrown away and not intended for further use is referred to as hospital waste. The material produced as a result of patient diagnosis, treatment, or vaccination, as well as any related biomedical research, is referred to as medical waste, which is a subset of hospital waste [16]. Biomedical waste (BMW) is generated in hospitals, research institutions, health care teaching institutes, clinics, laboratories, blood banks, animal houses and veterinary institutes. The steps involved in the management of waste are; waste survey, waste segregation, waste accumulation and storage, waste trans- portation, waste treatment, waste disposal, waste minimization and cost of bio medical waste management [17].

E waste: Electronic waste, also known as e-waste, is another category of solid waste that is possibly growing at the fastest rate in many developed countries. This category includes old computers, televisions, phones, and other electronic devices. Therefore, E-waste is defined as electronic and electrical gadgets that has been rejected during the production, refurbishment, or repair process and has been dumped as garbage in whole or in parts by the consumer or a large consumer [18]. The level of worry about this kind of waste is rising. Among the substanc- es in electrical gadgets that should be avoided are lead, mercury, and cadmium [19].

Plastic waste: It refers to any plastic that has been used and then discarded. The manufacturing of plastic hit 330 Mt globally in 2016 [20]. It was projected to rise over the following 20 years. Just around 25 percent of the trash is being collected and processed. By 2060, the amount of mismanaged plastic waste (MPW) might threefold, reaching up to 155-265 Mt per year (the MPW worldwide accumulation ranged from 60 to 99 Mt in 2015) [21]. The majority of plastic debris are ended up in the ocean, after being burnt by incinerators and its sources are disposed in landfills. These enormous amounts of plastic trash have high negative effects on the environment, the food chain, energy consumption, biodiversity breakdowns, economic loss, and has effects on animals due to the bioaccumulation of synthetic pollutants and plastic components [22]. There are four methods for managing plastic waste: a) landfilling b) incineration c) reducing, reusing, and recycling d) raising public awareness [23]. Recycling of plastic must follow Indian Standard IS 14534:1998, Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics, as updated from time to time, and plastic trash that may be recycled must be directed to registered plastic waste recyclers; According to the instructions of the Indian Road Congress, local bodies must promote the use of plastic waste (ideally the plastic waste that cannot be further reprocessed) for road building, energy recovery, waste to oil production, etc. Thermoset plastic trash must be handled and disposed of in accordance with the instructions periodically provided by the Central Pollution Control Board; the Solid Waste Management Regulations, 2000, or amendments which are revised from time to time, must be followed for disposing of inert plastic waste from recycling or processing plants [24].

Construction and Demolition Waste in Andhra Pradesh

Even though it isn’t regarded as a part of the MSW stream, C&D waste (or debris) makes an important portion of total solid waste amounts. C&D trash, however, is often dumped of in municipal sanitary landfills since it is inert and non-hazardous. As there are 123 ULBs out of which 3 ULBs-Visakhapatnam, Tirupati and Vijayawada offer C&D waste processing facilities with a capacity of up to 700 TPD. The MA&UD Department has stated that 123 ULBs have created C&D waste collection centers and that C&D waste call centers have been established in all ULBs. According to the MA&UD Department, when ULBs produce less than 50 TPD of C&D waste, crusher units are suggested whereas C&D plants under a cluster method are advised for ULBs producing more than 50 TPD of C&D waste. According to the MA&UD Department, when ULBs produce less than 50 TPD of C&D waste, crusher units are suggested whereas C&D plants under a cluster method are advised for ULBs producing more than 50 TPD of C&D waste. Construction and demolition waste processing facilities ‘final output’, i.e., sand and gravel, is given to industrial companies as well as it is utilized to build roads [25]. In solid waste management there is no throwing ‘away’. In general, there are two ways to reduce waste: either stop producing waste, which actually seems to be difficult task or turn it into another substance. On December 1st 2022, the Minister spoke at a con- ference on “Sustainable waste management and circular economy,” which was held in association with the annual conference of the Kolkata-based International Society of Waste Management, Air and Water (ISWMAW). The conference was held at Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati and Mr. Reddy addressed that waste management shouldn’t be seen as an onerous task, but rather as a chance to improve the planet [26].

Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board [27].

APPCB is an organization which focuses and enforces the laws and rules regarding the environment in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It looks after the protection of the environment. According to APPCB - Annual Report in Form-V for the year 2021-22. The local bodies achieved the following strides in solid waste management:

• In the state of Andhra Pradesh, there are 123 urban local bodies (ULBs), of which 106 are Grade-I, II, and III municipalities and 17 are municipal corporations. These ULBs produce about 6890 TPD of municipal solid waste from institutions, industrial regions, and household areas. The debris is collected by local bodies, and the effectiveness of door-to-door pickup is nearly 100%.
• 2 Waste to Energy Plants (WtE) in the Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC Cluster with 27 ULBs to process 1133 TPD Solid Waste) and the WtE Plant in the Guntur Municipal Corporation (Guntur Cluster with 45 ULBs to process 1202 TPD Solid Waste) have been fully developed and commissioned.
• Sanitary Landfill facilities have been established and are being used to routinely dispose the solid waste by Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation, Tirupati Municipal Corporation, Ongole Municipal Corporation, and Chirala Municipality. The other ULBs are working to build composting facilities and landfills in their respective municipalities. The implementation of the bio-mining method by ULBs for the bioremediation of pre-existing municipal dump yards is under underway.
• Hospitality industries like hotels, restaurants purchase the CNG gas which is generated
• Compost is generated is supplied to farmers and is also utilised in parks, avenue plantations, and other greenery in central medians.
• A census town is a place where the population has developed urban features but is not statutorily recognized and governed as a town, in such places the waste is gathered using tricycles and tractors.
• 315 refused compactors for 123 ULBs by the Municipal Administration & Urban Development (MA&UD) additionally are also provided for the waste management.
• Skid Steer loaders - 213,
• Road Sweeping machines - 142,
• Vacuum operated garbage suction machines - 20,
• E-Autos - 287,
• Mini Excavators - 15,
• Battery/Diesel operated Ride on Sweepers - 18,
• Vehicle Mounted Fogging machines - 25,
• Diesel Autos - 2183.

Initiatives taken in the State of Andhra Pradesh for the Management of Waste:

The Andhra Pradesh Environment Management Corporation’s “Online waste exchange platform” was introduced by the state’s chief minister, on June 5, 2020. (APEMC). World Environment Day served as the occasion for the introduction of the online portal. The state government established APEMC to regulate the waste management market and fix the current deficiencies in waste management. APEMC and the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) will work collaboratively. To manage the wastes from cradle to grave, a robust regulatory structure should be there [28]. The People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), the Indian Wing, appreciated Andhra Pradesh’s Chief Minister for introducing such a productive e- platform. This portal has features which would enable the authorities to track the flow of hazardous waste in the actual time when the movement takes place [29]. The APEMC has been established as a government firm to handle industrial waste, according to a statement issued by the Andhra Pradesh CMO’s office. Working together with APPCB, APEMC would set up the conditions for companies and organizations to deliver trash such as the waste produced by their facilities and which is hard to be handle on-site to APEC for waste management in conformity with environmental laws and regulations. The recently created “online waste exchange platform” is India’s first online waste exchange project, and it will guarantee the safe and secure disposal of industrial waste.

Features of e-platform

• The platform will guarantee the proper and effective disposal of all industrial waste produced in the
• The collection of refuse from the industries would be streamlined by
• The garbage will be further sorted by APEMC into hazardous and non-hazardous waste, or e-waste, depending on the category, and will subsequently be scientifically disposed off at waste disposal facilities.

Some of the industries in Andhra Pradesh are under the red and orange zone categories. They produce a hefty quantity of solid waste like the hazardous and non-hazardous, liquid waste, and air pollutants. The amount of these contaminants that were being discharged into the water bodies concerned the authorities. So now the industries can contact APEMC through this platform if they don’t have their on-site waste disposal system. The state government is committed to safeguard the environment with this platform by prioritising 100% safe disposal of toxic waste, appropriate monitoring, examination, and audit of garbage [30]. It focuses on promoting the six “R’s,” which stand for Reduce, Refurbish, Reuse, Recycle, Redesign and Remanufacture [31].

1. Andhra Pradesh (CLAP) was started on 2nd of October, as part of the Swachh Bharat Mission 0, with the goal of making the state litter- and garbage-free with a focus on aesthetic cleanliness. Around 4,000 new trash collection vans were launched at a ceremony in Vijayawada for distribution to various urban and rural public bodies. For separation of the waste generated from the houses, the government provided 1.20 crore coloured (blue, green, and red) bins to 40 lakh houses. Even it is estimated that the cost for purchasing and supplying of the 1.20 crore dumpsters was roughly Rs 72 crore [32].
2. An integrated solid waste management system in all panchayats was initiated by the National Rural Employ- ment Guarantee Scheme for solid and liquid waste management. The government has stepped into creating compost pits at the community level and hired one employee per 200 houses to help with garbage segrega- tion and its disposal. The major focus was on composting.

This garbage which is collected from homes is collected in disposal areas, and then organic and inorganic wastes are separated. Recyclable materials like paper, plastic, and glass are separated and are regularly sold, the organic waste is destined for compost pits [33].

Results and Discussion

Case Study [34].

This case study is based on a place named by Bobbili, a town which comes under the district Vizianagaram of the state Andhra Pradesh. On December 6, NITI Aayog produced Waste-wise Cities: Best practises in Municipal Solid Waste Management, a comprehensive information resource on how Indian cities are handling the solid waste. It contains best practises from 28 cities in 15 Indian states. Before 2010, Bobbili was a garbage-filled area and it was also a hotspot for water- and vector-borne disorders like gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, malaria, and dengue. In recent times, Bobbili is among the top 10 municipalities in the nation for the efficiency at which garbage is processed. For almost ten years, plastic bags and water pouches were prohibited throughout the municipality. A programme on Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) was acknowledged as a crucial tool to accomplish this goal. Yet, the employees first educated themselves on the advantages of source segregation before teaching the entire public. The town quickly developed a workable system to manage different kinds of garbage. The 12th Finance Grants provided funding for the effort to purchase waste collecting trucks. Another efficient way to handle biodegradable waste is by vermicomposting, which also generates a sizable profit. The red earthworm (Eisenia foetida), which is ideal for vermicomposting, has been discovered. Vermicomposting requires a cold, wet, and shaded location, thus a shed has been constructed for this purpose. For the job, about 20 people have been employed. It takes 45 to 50 days for compost to be ready. Each year, the facility generates 60 tonnes of compost, which it sells to farmers for Rs 10 per kilogramme. Farmers prefer vermi compost as in comparison to artificial fertilisers, it improves the soil quality. With assistance from Non-conventional Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh Limited, a biogas plant has also been built. Every day, 14 m3 of gas are produced. The workers at the dump yard uses the gas for both power generating and cooking. The city- wide monitoring system receives real-time information regarding home garbage from sanitation employees who are equipped with an electronic scanner. Trash collecting trucks have GPS tracking devices installed to monitor their location. A facial recognition technology based on Aadhaar is used to track the attendance of sanitation personnel. Littering and failing to separate were both subject to fines. The community made a number of efforts to stop using plastic bottles and sachets. Municipal authorities provide free water in cans. Each store in the town has two trash cans, one for biodegradable garbage and the other for non-biodegradable waste. At coffee and tea shops, only biodegradable glasses are used. A punishment of Rs 100 is imposed on those who fail to maintain the cleanliness around the location of the store. Municipal solid waste management costs the town Rs. 1.53 crore, while it generates Rs. 1.57 crore in income.

Future Perspective

There have been reports of new technology and breakthroughs at each stage of solid waste management, but the waste management system does not yet have enough access to these developments. Because it mostly fails to handle solid waste management in urban local bodies, India’s SWM system is in a critical stage. Emerging new technologies will be necessary in the future to handle garbage more efficiently than simply dumping it. It is important to consider what has to be done as a future solution, and given the current situation, the majority of industrialised nations have producedmanagementplansforthenext30to50years.Gettingthewasteundercontrolisthenecessarysofour-action plan have been developed to ensure trash management at a high quality going while moving into the future. They are

1. Cease burning and dumping of trash in an uncontrolled manner to assure collection and proper disposal.
2. Using a holistic strategy for hazardous waste, a treatment facility at the source site is to be developed and should be handled separately to ensure a controlled environment.
3. Prioritize waste prevention by maximising the utilisation through reuse and recycling.
4. Pay attention to the feedback loop, which includes incorporating recycling into standard waste management practises and creating reliable energy recovery methods.

Conclusion

Solid waste management is a critical component of sustainable development, demanding an integrated and technically sound approach. Addressing the growing challenges of waste generation requires strategies focused on waste minimization, material recovery, recycling, energy conversion, and environmentally safe disposal. Technological advancements such as automated waste segregation systems, GPS-enabled collection logistics, waste-to-energy conversion, and digital monitoring platforms have significantly enhanced operational efficiency. Integrating these technologies into municipal solid waste systems can optimize resource utilization, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and mitigate pollution. Moreover, decentralized composting units, material recovery facilities (MRFs), and extended producer responsibility (EPR) frameworks are pivotal in promoting circular economy principles. A sustainable waste management framework must also include capacity building, regulatory enforcement, public awareness, and stakeholder engagement. By adopting these science-based solutions and fostering innovation, we can ensure the long-term protection of ecosystems, public health, and natural resources, ultimately achieving a cleaner and more sustainable environment for future generations.

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