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Conceptualising Dental Behaviour Management

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Green Biotechnology and Sustainable Agriculture to Cope with Rapid Climate Change

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Clinical Assessment of Neurotoxin Injection Botulinum for Treatment of Dynamic Facial Forehead and Frown Wrinkles

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The aim of this study is to clinically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Botox in treating facial wrinkles, specifically horizontal forehead lines and frown lines. The evaluation included the overall quality of life, patient satisfaction, the impact on self-esteem after treatment. Botulinum toxin injection (Botox) is a frequently performed cosmetic procedure for treating facial wrinkles worldwide1. Botox, a neurotoxic protein produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria, works by temporarily blocking the release of acetylcholine. Treatment of frown lines and crow’s feet, which are the cosmetic indications approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and horizontal forehead lines, offers predictable results, has few adverse effects, and is associated with high patient satisfaction. Dynamic wrinkles, seen during muscle contraction, yield more dramatic results than static wrinkles, which are visible at rest. This was a singlecenter prospective study involving 20 healthy female participants aged 22–35 years. Inclusion criteria required that participants had not received Botox injections within the 6 months prior to the project’s commencement. Exclusion criteria included a history of stomatognathic pain, facial, or neck surgery; chronic diseases (e.g., thyroid disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, immunodeficiency disorders); or any conditions that could potentially interfere with study outcomes. Patients selected with dynamic wrinkles demonstrate the most dramatic improvements from botulinum toxin injection and are ideal candidates for treatment. Patients with static wrinkles that are visible at rest are also candidates, but results are slower, and patients may require two or three consecutive Procedures. reduction of dynamic frown lines one month after treatment of the glabellar complex muscles with 20 units of on a botulinum toxin. Return of muscle function is gradual, typically three to four months after treatment. Subsequent treatment is advised when muscle contraction is visible in the treatment area before facial lines return to their pretreatment appearance. After multiple treatments, botulinum toxin effects may be prolonged and, for some patients, treatment intervals can be extended beyond three to four months. Keywords: Neurotoxin injection -(Botulinum) - Dynamic Facial Forehead and Frown wrinkles.

Farmers’ Demand for Agricultural Insurance in Vietnam

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This study was conducted to define risks in agriculture and determine farmers’ needs for agricultural insurance in Viet Nam. The research data was derived from direct interviews conducted with 210 households engaged in farming, livestock, and aquaculture activities. The analytical results show that both farming, livestock, and aquaculture households are negatively affected by natural disasters and diseases, in addition to grappling with escalating input and labor costs. While aquaculture and livestock households showed strong demand for agricultural insurance, rice farmers exhibited significantly lower interest. The factors influencing farmers’ demand for agricultural insurance vary depending on the agricultural products. For rice farmers, past negative experiences deter their participation in agricultural insurance, while dairy cattle farmers are more concerned about insurance premiums and claims procedures. On the other hand, white leg shrimp farmers focus more on the specific risks covered by the insurance. Keywords: Agricultural insurance, Rice, Dairy cow, White leg shrimp, Climate change, Sustainable agriculture.

Epidemiology of Oral Cancers among Sudanese population at Khartoum Dental Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan

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Background: Oral cancer (OC) is becoming more common everywhere, making it a significant contributor to the overall burden of cancers. With 920 instances annually, OC is the sixth most prevalent cancer type in Sudan and accounts for 9% of all cases recorded each year in Africa. This study’s goals were to examine the epidemiology of oral cancer and detail any instances that were reported to Khartoum Teaching Dental Hospital between 2014 and 2015. Material and Methods: This is descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study with two components: retrospective and exist survey. All files of the patients which were diagnosed as oral cancer and have been operated were selected. Record-based data collected using a form and exist survey data collected using a questionnaire. Data entered and analyzed using the SPSS. Results: A total of 224 patients were studied. Their age ranged from 4 to 87 years and) 33% (of them were 61 and above years. Around two thirds (59.8%) were male. And about one third (28.6 %) of the respondents were from Khartoum state. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represents 60.8% of cases. A total of 125 cases (66.1%) showed good prognosis. Conclusion: Male patients made up more of the oral cancer patient population than female patients, and the bulk of cases originated in Khartoum state. Oral cancer patients were typically 61 years of age or older. Keywords: Squamous cell carcinoma, Human Papilloma virus, Precancerous, Radiation therapy.

Effectiveness of the Employment of Vegetable Covering as Measure of Adaptation to the Climate Change

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With the objective of estimating the effectiveness of the employment of vegetable covering as measure of adaptation to make in front of the future climate in a severe scenario in the cultivations corn, rice and tomato in different productive scenarios in Camaguey province, Cuba, were considered the yields and the quantity of water in diverse irrigation regimens, condition of covering use, and a severe scenario of climatic change in three cooperatives of Camaguey province, starting from the simulation the yields and the quantity of watering water were compared among conditions of covering use and between future climatic periods and the climate bases, and was considered the effectiveness of the covering use, as for the recovery of yields in unirrigated and irrigated land; for there were simulated it through the pattern AquaCrop 6.0 cultivation campaigns starting from the study of six groups of irrigation regimens, three covering goods on the evaporation and the superficial movement of the water, twelve plantation dates and 120 years, of these, for the first 30 the meteorological data were interpolated of historical registrations and for the rest they were estimated by construction of scenarios. A database was obtained and was concluded that the covering use has a great potential as measure of adaptation and also as handling technique, but required to consider the local conditions to guarantee the success. Keywords: Scenario, Future, Yield.

Oral Care Challenges in Hypophosphatemic Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets (VDRR): A Case Report

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Hypophosphatemia due to vitamin D resistant rickets is a genetic condition that involves problems with phosphate use, which causes difficulties in properly mineralizing bones and teeth. The typical clinical characteristics include bowing of the lower extremities, short stature, scoliosis, and beading at the rib-sternal junction. Dental findings of this condition include enlarged pulp chambers, pulp horns that spread outside the dentino- enamel junction, enamel and dentine defects, poorly defined lamina-dura, short roots and a hypoplastic alveolar ridge. The therapeutic approach consists of the prevention of dental infectious complications by prophylactic care. This can be achieved on temporary teeth by prophylactic pulp treatment, pulpotomy, pulpectomy, preformed stainless steel pedodontics cap and/or by composite resin and glass ionomer cement. This article presents the dental management of a child 4 years old with Hypophosphatemia and vitamin D resistance. Keywords: Rickets, dental pulp, hypophosphatemia, child, vitamin D.

An Analytical and Statistical Study of Maxillary Sinus Pneumatization

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Background: A physiological process known as pneumatization of the maxillary sinus explains the sinus’s enlarging characteristics with aging. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine how age, sex, and race all of which are unmodified independent factors affect maxillary sinus pneumatization. Additionally, to determine which tooth on each side caused greater sinus pneumatization following extraction among Spanish and Egyptian patients. Materials and Methods: Two protocols were used using 440 panoramic x-rays to measurement digitally of the maxillary sinus pneumatization through recruited 220 Spanish and 220 Egyptian patients, both male and female, who were 20 years of age or older, with one or more maxillary posterior teeth extracted from the 1st premolar to the 3rd molar on each side with the contralateral side fully dentate. Results: Younger patients have a higher likelihood of sinus penetration with a root. The distance between the maxillary sinus and teeth is smaller in men than in women. No significant differences were observed between the right and left sides. In Spanish patients, the greatest pneumatization occurs after the extraction of the second molar, followed by the first molar. In Egyptian patients, the highest pneumatization is associated with the extraction of the second premolar, followed by the first molar. The distance to the maxillary sinus was statistically significant in both populations (P = 0.005, P = 0.012). Univariate analyses showed non-significant extraction effects, with varying effect sizes. The highest adjusted R² values were observed at the 1st molar in Egyptian patients and the 2nd molar in Spanish patients. Conclusion: In current, Maxillary sinus volume changes by age, as age increases the volume decreases. No significant difference as regard to gender with the tooth-sinus floor distance, but males show larger sinus than females. No significant difference is seen between right and left side in our sample. The large pneumatization occurs in cases of extraction of the 1st molar within the Spanish population, on other hand in Egyptian at level of the 2nd premolar. Keywords: Maxillary sinus, teeth extraction, pneumatization, Egypt, Spain.

Evaluation of Six Lines of Okra Under Organic and Mineral Fertilization for Yield and Mucilaginous Properties in Anyigba Kogi State Nigeria

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This study was conducted at the Prince Abubakar Audu University Research and Demonstration Farm, Anyigba during the 2023 cropping season. The experiment consists of six varieties of okra; Bagauda Spineless, Clemson Spineless, NH Okra 1, NHAe 47-4, LD 88 and Local; two NPK 20:10:10 fertilizer levels 0kg/ha and 100kg/ha; two poultry manure levels; 0kg/ha and 4t/ha respectively. These treatments were merged in a factorial combination and laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Bagauda Spineless had the highest germination count (87.5, 81.58 and 74.66 %) across all sampling stages. The variety produced the tallest plants (10.98, 18.4s5, 38.27, 50.39 cm), although did not differ significantly from those of Clemson Spineless. Clemson Spineless produced the highest number of leaves, thickest stems and largest leaf across all stage of sampling. For most of the growth characters, variety LD88 had the lowest result. Application of NPK fertilizer was not significant for some of the growth characters, however, tallest plant (32.56 cm), highest number of leaves (15.67) and largest leaf area (489.85 cm2) were obtained when 150 kg/ha was applied at 9 WAS. For establishment count at 7 and 9WAS, control plots produced highest rates of germination (57.88 and 58.11%). Alternatively, Application of 4 t/ ha of poultry manure produced the best results for almost all the growth characters at different stages of sampling. Yield characters such as; Fruit diameters and number of seed/fruits produced the highest result (8.62 cm & 84.73), longest fruit (8.81 cm) was obtained with Clemson spineless, highest number of fruit/plant (2.44) was obtained from NHAe 47-4 while local variety produced the highest yield (45.11 kg/ha). Result obtained from fruit weight was statistically at par with those of Bagauda Spineless. Fruit diameter and number of seeds/fruits were highest with the application of 150 kg/ha of NPK, other yield parameters were optimum at 4 t/ha poultry manure except number of lobes and fruit length. Physiochemical properties of okra mucilage shows that mucilage of Bagauda Spineless, NH Okra-1, and NHAe 47-4 varieties were mostly yellow in colour while Clemson Spineless, LD88 and Local had grey colours. All varieties tested were alkaline to neutral in pH with values ranging from 6.77-7.13. Plots treated with no fertilizer produced grey mucilage while those treated with 4.0 t/ha of poultry manure produced mucilage with pH of 7.09. Viscosity was not significantly affected by variety, NPK and poultry manure. Interaction of V × NPK and V × PM on fruit weight/ha shows that Local variety had the highest response to the application of 150 kg NPK/ha and 4 t/ha respectively. Keywords: Color, Lines, Mineral Fertilizer, Mucilage, Organic fertilizer, Okra, Viscosity.

A Sword in Orthodontist’s Arsenal-Temporary Anchorage Devices

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Potential Role of Chitosan and Trichoderma in Remediating Cadmium Toxicity in Plants

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Cadmium toxicity is one of the most serious environmental issues nowadays globally. Cd has high mobility and solubility in the water which enhances its uptake through cortical tissues of roots and hence reaches the xylem through apoplastic and symplastic pathways through ascent of sap and various transporters. The negative effects of cadmium stress on the plants include growth retardation, impaired photosynthesis, changed stomatal movements, enzymatic activities, metabolic activities and membrane functioning. Oxidative stress is primarily influenced through increased cadmium toxicity inside the plant. Microbial mediated remediation and application of biostimulators and elicitors like chitosan are also a promising way to enhance remediation process in plants in metal contaminated environment. The future of chitosan and Trichoderma assisted bioremediation of cadmium toxicity is bright, especially as interest grows in sustainable and eco friendly approaches to heavy metal contamination. Keywords: Cadmium, Oxidative stress, Biostimulators, Chitosan, Trichoderma, Bioremediation.

Effects of Termite mounds on Agro-Ecosystems in Semi-Arid Zones of Nigeria

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Termites activities related to the management of tropical and sub-tropical ecosystems, have been little studied. We evaluated, the effects of termite mounds, on soil fertility, as influenced, by different agro ecology, in Semi-Arid parts of Nigeria. Samples of soil were taken from termitaria and surroundings. The samples were analyzed for physical and chemical properties. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and means separated with Duncan Multiple Range Test at 0.05 probability level. Physical properties of termitaria had higher Clay + Silt contents, associated with good structure, increased water holding capacity with good drainage. Chemical properties showed increased organic matter, higher total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable calcium, magnesium and potassium, effective cation exchange capacity, than the adjacent or surrounding soils. The physical and chemical properties of termitaria are far better, significantly (p<0.05), across agro-ecology, with Guinea savanna having, highest improvement, in contrast to Sudan and Sahel Savanna. Improvement in physical and chemical properties of termitaria was attributed to the activities of termites. As the case may be, study revealed, termite mounds are enriched in mineral resources that can be used as organic amendments on sustainable basis. Farmers rather than removing completely termitaria, could be used in soil tillage, for crop production. Keywords: Soil Fertility, Soil Management, Soil Amendment, Agricultural Land Use, Organic Matter, Tropical and Sub-tropical ecosystems